Take heart: Know your heart attack risks and how to reduce them

February isn’t just about chocolate hearts—it’s also a time to think about the one beating in your chest. Heart disease is the root cause of heart attacks and the leading cause of death for men, women and people across most racial and ethnic groups. But the good news is, you can lower your risk through healthy lifestyle choices and regular checkups with your health care provider.

Paul Ou, MD, clinical associate professor at the Texas A&M University College of Medicine, breaks down the symptoms and risk factors for heart attacks in men and women—along with practical ways to protect your heart. Poor diet, inactivity and stress can all raise your risk, but prioritizing exercise, nutrition and rest can help keep your heart strong.

What is a heart attack?

A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced or cut off. This is often caused by atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque—a mix of fat, cholesterol and other substances—builds up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them over time. If a plaque ruptures, it can trigger a clot that blocks blood flow completely, leading to damage in the heart muscle.

“A heart attack is a life-threatening emergency. Without blood flow, the affected heart muscle will begin to die. If a health care provider doesn’t restore blood flow quickly, a heart attack can result in permanent heart damage or death,” Ou said.

Symptoms of a heart attack

Heart attack symptoms vary from person to person and recognizing them could be lifesaving. When the heart doesn’t receive enough blood due to blocked arteries, it can cause chest pain or discomfort known as angina. If angina becomes severe or occurs unexpectedly, it may signal a heart attack, requiring immediate medical attention.

Because symptoms can vary, it’s important to recognize the warning signs early. Men and women often experience heart attack symptoms differently, with women more likely to have subtle or even seemingly asymptomatic signs, making detection more challenging.

“Many people ignore symptoms such as reflux or indigestion, but it’s important to listen to your body and take these signs seriously to prevent symptoms from escalating,” Ou said.

Some obvious symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath, which may occur with or without chest pain.
• Chest pain, which may persist for several minutes, subside and then return. It might resemble uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.
• Tingling or discomfort in your arms, back, neck, shoulder or jaw

More subtle symptoms include:

• Feeling unusually tired, lightheaded or weak.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
• Heartburn-like feeling.
• Cold sweats.

If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms of a heart attack, don’t panic. Remaining composed during a crisis is crucial, as heightened emotions can increase stress and worsen heart attack symptoms. Maintain a comfortable environment and immediately seek medical attention.

Michael Middleton, associate director of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) at Texas A&M University Health Services, shares what to do if you or someone nearby experiences a heart attack. Calling 911 immediately allows dispatchers to assess the situation and provide critical instructions. They may ask about allergies, recommend taking aspirin and guide you on preparing for EMS arrival, such as unlocking doors and identifying anyone who knows CPR. While waiting, stay calm, avoid eating or drinking and remain in a comfortable position. Following their instructions is crucial—early intervention can save lives.

“If you’re driving, and you’re feeling dizzy, having chest pain, blurred vision or similar symptoms, you probably shouldn’t be driving, so get to a safe place and call for help,” Middleton said.

Risk factors

Age, gender, medical history and family history contribute to risk factors that can increase your chance of having a heart attack. Consulting with your health care provider can help you manage, reduce or prevent these risks.

As your age increases so does your risk for a heart attack. Men are at higher risk than women and tend to experience heart attacks earlier in life. Although the risk for women rises after menopause, their likelihood of a heart attack remains lower than that of men. Among individuals age 65 and older, women face a greater risk of dying from a heart attack, even though heart attacks can affect both sexes in older age.

People from racial and ethnic minority groups often experience high blood pressure earlier in life and face a higher risk of heart disease, partly due to the higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes in these communities. In addition, limited access to doctors, healthy food and safe living environments can make it harder for some people to stay healthy.

“Not everyone can rush to the emergency room and foot the bill—factors contributing to financial burden often deter patients from seeking preventive care, leading to untreated symptoms and undiagnosed conditions,” Ou said.

Lifestyle and preventive action

Healthy habits are the best defense against a heart attack. You can reduce some risk factors for heart disease by exercising, eating healthy, getting enough sleep, being at a healthy weight and not smoking. People with excess body fat have a higher chance of developing heart disease and stroke, even if they have no other health problems. Consult with your health care professional to keep your cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar at healthy levels.

“Medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity can also contribute to blockages in the arteries of your heart. However, weight plays a key role in influencing these conditions,” Ou said.

Although your physical well-being is crucial for heart health, managing your mental well-being is just as important. Long-term stress affects both your mind and body, potentially raising blood pressure and increasing the risk of a heart attack. Ou emphasizes that internal peace and heart health begin with adequate sleep, a balanced diet and regular physical activity.

Ou and Middleton stress the importance of prioritizing health and recognizing when your body needs attention. Listening to its signals and seeking medical help when necessary are essential. Even though some heart attacks are linked to medical or family history, living a healthy, balanced lifestyle is crucial for managing heart health.